Blog

By Alastair Reed, Anne Craanen, and Arthur Bradley In the digital age, the aftermath of terrorist attacks is often captured and disseminated not only by the perpetrators, but also by bystanders. Mobile phone videos, CCTV footage, body cam recordings, and livestreams routinely surface online within moments of such events. While this bystander content is not ...

By Nicola Mathieson, Audrey Gagnon, and Ashton Kingdon In June 2025, C-REX and VOX-Pol hosted the second edition of the PhD Summer School ‘Studying Online Far-Right Extremism: Methods, Personal Safety, and Ethics’, organised by Audrey Gagnon (University of Ottawa) and Nicola Mathieson (University of Liverpool).  In addition to lectures on qualitative and quantitative approaches to ...

By Audrey Gagnon and Nicola Mathieson The Center for Research on Extremism (C-REX) and VOX-Pol recently hosted a PhD Summer School on Studying Online Far-Right Extremism. The Summer School, which took place at the University of Oslo from June 9-13, was organized by Audrey Gagnon (University of Ottawa) and Nicola Mathieson (University of Liverpool). It ...

By Ninian Frenguelli It is increasingly difficult to access data from social media platforms. Researcher access to Meta platforms was removed in 2024 when CrowdTangle was shut down, but it was already being slowly restricted prior to this with Meta closing accounts of researchers in 2021. Researchers are in a difficult position: with no official ...

By Mark Peden Troubling trends in violent extremism are emerging that challenge traditional frameworks of classification and ideology. Amid accelerating digital revolution, ongoing permacrisis, and increasingly apocalyptic media narratives, nihilistic and apocalyptic violent extremism (N/AVE) is on the rise, frequently driven by mixed, unclear, and unstable (MUU) belief systems that defy conventional categorisation. Beyond ideological ...

By Alice Sibley and Joshua Bowes As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated and embedded into social media platforms, wariness around its harmful exploitation has grown. As previous research has shown, malignant actors, ranging from misogynistic online users to extremists, have exploited AI to spread harmful conspiracy theories, share racist images and disseminate disinformation. Generative ...

Karmvir K. Padda, University of Waterloo Two years have passed since a 24-year-old former student walked into a gender studies classroom at the University of Waterloo and stabbed the professor and two students. The attack left the campus shaken and sparked national outrage. Many saw the attack as a shocking but isolated act of violence. ...

By Sören Henrich This blog is based on a recent publication which you can find here. Last October, MI5 Director General Ken McCallum expressed concern about a growing trend among radicalised individuals that was challenging preventive and policing bodies. A considerable number of reviewed cases presented mixed ideologies or lacked a clear ideological conviction. Furthermore, services ...

By Tim Legrand, Nathan Manning, and Melissa-Ellen Dowling Young people worldwide are increasingly exposed to violent ideas and ideologies in web-based communities. According to national security agencies, children as young as 12 are adopting extremist beliefs, folding issues of child safeguarding into national security concerns. While we know that exposure to extremist ideologies in online ...

Dougal Sutherland, Te Herenga Waka — Victoria University of Wellington A new report from New Zealand’s Classification Office has revealed how young people are being exposed to harmful content online and what it is doing to their mental health. The Classification Office spoke with ten different groups of young people aged between 12 and 25 ...