An academic research network on

ONLINE EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM

What is VOX-Pol?

VOX-Pol is a world-leading research network on online extremism and terrorism. It is a global network, with 30 member institutions from 12 different countries across Europe, North and South America, Africa, Asia and Australasia. VOX-Pol researchers have expertise in jihadism, the extreme right and left, nationalist-separatist actors, and emerging forms of extremism.

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Highlights

Blog Post

Accessing Social Media Data in 2025

Amy-Louise Watkin

By Ninian Frenguelli It is increasingly difficult to access data from social media platforms. Researcher access to Meta platforms was…

July 31, 2025

Blog Post

Nihilistic and Apocalyptic Violent Extremism: Symbolic Rupture and the Crisis of Meaning in the Digital Age

Amy-Louise Watkin

By Mark Peden Troubling trends in violent extremism are emerging that challenge traditional frameworks of classification and ideology. Amid accelerating…

July 29, 2025

Blog Post

Exploiting the Algorithm: How British Extreme Right-Wing Individuals and Groups Leverage Grok and Generative AI for Malign Purposes

Jonathan Collins

By Alice Sibley and Joshua Bowes As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated and embedded into social media platforms, wariness…

July 23, 2025

Online Library

Our Online Library collects in one place a large volume of publications related to various aspects of violent online political extremism.

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Latest Blog Posts

Blog

Accessing Social Media Data in 2025

July 31, 2025

By Ninian Frenguelli It is increasingly difficult to access data from social media platforms. Researcher access to Meta platforms was removed in 2024 when CrowdTangle was shut down, but it was already being slowly restricted prior to this with Meta closing accounts of researchers in 2021. Researchers are in a difficult position: with no official ...

Blog

Nihilistic and Apocalyptic Violent Extremism: Symbolic Rupture and the Crisis of Meaning in the Digital Age

July 29, 2025

By Mark Peden Troubling trends in violent extremism are emerging that challenge traditional frameworks of classification and ideology. Amid accelerating digital revolution, ongoing permacrisis, and increasingly apocalyptic media narratives, nihilistic and apocalyptic violent extremism (N/AVE) is on the rise, frequently driven by mixed, unclear, and unstable (MUU) belief systems that defy conventional categorisation. Beyond ideological ...

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